The most popular leather restoration cream of 2023

Bestseller No. 1
Skidmore's Restoration Cream | Leather Repair Cream for Furniture, Leather Conditioner, Softener | Leather Restoration Cream Will Also Restore Antique Wood | Non-Toxic Formula, Made in USA | 6 Ounces
1,211 Reviews
Skidmore’s Restoration Cream | Leather Repair Cream for Furniture, Leather Conditioner, Softener | Leather Restoration Cream Will Also Restore Antique Wood | Non-Toxic Formula, Made in USA | 6 Ounces
  • CLEANS, RESTORES, AND CONDITIONS LEATHER & WOOD – Removes scratches, scuffing, wear spots, fatigue, and UV damage caused by the sun.
  • EASY APPLICATION, QUICK RESULTS – Melts and absorbs deep into the leather or wood, softens and restores original condition and glow (Applicators Sold Separately)
  • NATURAL, NON-TOXIC, AND CHEMICAL-FREE – Only natural oils and ingredients used, no animal byproducts, silicones, dyes, or perfumes
  • MADE IN USA – Hand-made product from the Pacific Northwest by a small family business since 1982
  • LIFETIME SELLER GUARANTEE – If you’re not satisfied, return the product any time for a full refund, no questions asked!
Bestseller No. 2
The Original Leather Re-Coloring Balm by Furniture Clinic - 16 Color Options - Leather Repair Kit for Furniture - Restore Couches, Car Seats, Clothing - Non-Toxic Leather Repair Cream (Dark Brown)
18,491 Reviews
The Original Leather Re-Coloring Balm by Furniture Clinic – 16 Color Options – Leather Repair Kit for Furniture – Restore Couches, Car Seats, Clothing – Non-Toxic Leather Repair Cream (Dark Brown)
  • LEATHER COLOR RESTORER: Furniture Clinic’s Leather Recoloring Balm is ideal for restoring color to faded and scratched leather. With 16 color choices, it’s easy to select the appropriate color to repair leather couches, leather upholstery, or any genuine leather product. Our formula is backed with decades of expertise and the product is more than 50% larger than our competitors!
  • LEATHER COUCHES, CAR SEATS & CLOTHING: The Leather Recoloring Balm is a versatile product that can be used to repair leather color on leather couches and other leather products. From scratched car seats to faded purses, the balm has many use cases and can be used as a leather repair kit alternative. Our customers use the product to restore color to their faded sofas, to fix small cat scratches, to liven up their antique car seats and to cover minor peeling on their leather jackets!
  • GOOD HOUSEKEEPING SEAL: This product was evaluated by the Good Housekeeping institute and after rigorous testing by their expert scientists and engineers, has been granted the prestigious Good Housekeeping seal. Evaluation of the product includes reviewing product effectiveness, as well as packaging and marketing claims.
  • HAPPINESS GUARANTEED: Our experts are here if you have questions before purchasing and if after purchasing you’re not satisfied with the results (we expect you will be), we offer a money back guarantee. We know our product works wonderfully when used correctly.
  • FOR ABSORBENT LEATHER ONLY: With this product we recommend you test the ability of your furniture to absorb liquid prior to purchasing. To complete this test, apply a small drop of water onto an intact section of your leather, and see if the water soaks in. If you have more questions about this water test, please watch the video to the left (if on a mobile screen scroll up to the image section).
Bestseller No. 3
FORTIVO Leather Recoloring Balm - Leather Repair Kits for Couches - Leather Restorer for Couches Brown Car Seat, Boots - Cream Leather Repair for Upholstery - Leather Dye (Dark Brown Balm)
7,677 Reviews
FORTIVO Leather Recoloring Balm – Leather Repair Kits for Couches – Leather Restorer for Couches Brown Car Seat, Boots – Cream Leather Repair for Upholstery – Leather Dye (Dark Brown Balm)
  • Repair Kits For Couches – Use our leather color restorer for furniture to rescue your vinyl and leather items from their worn-out condition. This dark brown conditioning agent works best in recoloring arm rests and leather upholstery to protect them from recoloring, deformity, and unappealing scratches.
  • Leather Repair Kit For Car Seats – Our dark brown vinyl repair kit for boat seats can be used on your boat & car seats to give them UV protection. You can also use our cream leather repair on your couch to shield them from direct sun exposure while bringing out their natural shine and luster.
  • Vinyl Repair Kit – Fortivo leather recoloring cleaners are not just meant for leather items. Our dark brown leather repair cream does a fine job in safeguarding and restoring your vinyl items. You can now have cleaner and blemish-free leather seats and furniture without worrying about the scratches or cracks they might accumulate.
  • Dark Brown Leather Dye – Preserve the color of your leather furniture and items with our dark brown leather balm. Make sure to include our dark brown dye cream in your furniture repair kit. The leather repair kit should have a leather repair cream to maintain your leather items’ pristine condition, supple texture, and stain-free surface.
  • Dark Brown Leather Repair Kit – Our leather couch repair kit dark brown can be used on a variety of leather and vinyl items. Aside from your couch and upholstery, our dark brown leather restorer balm works best in protecting your cart and boat seats, leather jacket, boots, purses, and belts. This leather restorer for couches is better than leather repair tape, lets your leather patch items maintain their natural oils and protects them from premature cracking.
Bestseller No. 4
Weiman 3 in 1 Deep Leather Conditioner Cream (2 Pack) - Restores Leather Surfaces - Use on Leather Furniture, Car Seats, Shoes, Bags, Jackets, Saddles
973 Reviews
Weiman 3 in 1 Deep Leather Conditioner Cream (2 Pack) – Restores Leather Surfaces – Use on Leather Furniture, Car Seats, Shoes, Bags, Jackets, Saddles
  • Specially formulated – clean, condition, & protect leather while restoring it to its original texture & sheen
  • Moisturizers – instantly revitalize & restore leather, helping to prevent drying out
  • Use On – your favorite accessories such as leather purses, shoes, boots, briefcases and handbags
  • Does Not – darken leather
  • Recommended use on – Finished leather surfaces including car interior shoes boots briefcases handbags & coats – Do not use on suede, nubuck, Natuzzi Brand or any unfinished leather
Bestseller No. 5
40 Reviews
Leather Restoration Cream, Tuscom Leather Vinyl Repair Kit Leather Refurbishing Cleaner Leather Recoloring Balm Renew Restore Repair Tool for Auto Car Seat Sofa Scratch Cracks Rips Liquid (Biege)
  • ✅ SCRATCH LEATHER REPAIR – Used to repair the damage of the car seat leather, the scratches of the props, fill the gap, After use, as new, the scratch defect is completely absent.
  • ✅ APPLICATION – Suitable for plastic or any hard surface, such as car decoration and upholstery, furniture,leather jackets and clothes: sofas, sofas, car panels, tops, dashboards, boat seats, upholstery, luggage, clothes and carpets
  • ✅ USE ON ALL LEATHER GOODS – Preferred choice for preserving and protecting shoes, boots, motorcycle seats, saddles and other horse tack, tool pouches and belts, baseball gloves, work gloves, and more!
  • ✅ EXCELLENT FOR FIXING LEATHER – Scratches, cracks, peeling, holes, rips, burns, pet damages and faded color. Works on all natural leather and synthetic man-made leather
  • 🌟 leather refurbishing cleaner for couch leather cleaner for furniture leather cleaner for car seats leather cleaner for purses leather cleaner wipes for furniture leather cleaner shoes leather cleaner shoes & purses leather cleaner and conditioner for car seats multi functional leather refurbishing cleaner leather refurbishing agent for couch leather refurbishing agent leather sofa leather conditioner for furniture leather conditioner for handbags leather conditioner for bags
Bestseller No. 6
Leather Recoloring Balm - Mink Oil - Leather Restore Cream, Black Leather Repair Kit for Restoration Furniture, Couches, Sofa, Leather Restore Kit for Leather Worn Out, Color Fading, Scratches
49 Reviews
Leather Recoloring Balm – Mink Oil – Leather Restore Cream, Black Leather Repair Kit for Restoration Furniture, Couches, Sofa, Leather Restore Kit for Leather Worn Out, Color Fading, Scratches
  • ★ Leather Recoloring Balm & Mink Oil:Our Leather Recoloring Balm exclusive formulated to fast drying and easy to use,restore fading color leather furniture surface to its former glory. Polished leather with Mink oil will make a longer lasting finish.
  • ★Leather Restore Cream & Leather Recoloring Balme :Leather Restore Cream can help you deal with leather stains,wearing,peeling,scratches and worn out. Fill the damaged part of the leather with leather Restore Cream, and until repair paste to dry completely, and then use Leather recoloring Balm to restore the original vibrant color of the leather.
  • ★ Leather Conditioner & Restore All-IN-One Kit: Our Leather cream and leather restorer kit for couches give your faux and authentic leather items a renewed, finished look.All-In-One Kit Contains all the products needed for leather repair and maintenance.Leather Recoloring Balm(8OZ),Leather Restore Cream(50ML),Mink Oil(100ML) with free starter tool kit- 3pcs Sponges, 1pcs Spoons, 1pcs Brush Pen, 1 Pair Rubber Gloves.
  • ★ MULTIPUPOSE:  Our Leather Couch Conditioner, leather and vinyl repair kit can be used on a variety of leather and vinyl items.Our leather restorer kit works best in protecting your Sofa, Furniture, Couches and Car upholstery, Office Chair, Wallets, Shoes and Boots, Tool Pouches, Saddles, Purses, Belts & Jackets, Armrests & Gloves
  • ★ SATISFACTION GUARANTEED: Our leather repair kit does a fine job in safeguarding and restoring your vinyl items. You can now have cleaner and blemish-free leather seats and furniture without worrying about the scratches or cracks they might accumulate. We’re convinced you will love how much these recoloring balm in your leather projects with free shipping, however, if not fully satisfied we will give you a full refund or free replacement.
SaleBestseller No. 7
STARTSO WORLD Leather-Recoloring-Balm-Repair-Cream-Kit for Restoration Black Couches, Sofa, Furniture Color Dye Restorer-8oz
627 Reviews
STARTSO WORLD Leather-Recoloring-Balm-Repair-Cream-Kit for Restoration Black Couches, Sofa, Furniture Color Dye Restorer-8oz
  • ★ EASY TO USE & Coloring: Our leather recoloring balm was professional color repair material,it can brush on absorbent leather. Perfect coloring function can repair crack,scuffs and scratches on leather,change the color of leather.
  • ★ FAST DRYING:Once brush dye, it just need to dry naturally for approximately 10-20 minutes or dry it using a hair drier in 1-2 minutes.The leather dye set pack repair kit should have a leather repair cream to maintain your leather items’ pristine condition, supple texture, and stain-free surface.Meanwhile it can keep the long-lasting coloring effect, and will not fade easily and leather not sticky.
  • ★ UNIQUE PACKAGE & BIG BONOUS: The Large package(8oz) use unique design,make sure completely product shipped to you.The leather dye set pack offer free starter tool kit- 3pcs Sponges, 1pcs Spoons, 1pcs Brush Pen, 1 Pair Rubber Gloves.
  • ★ MULTIPUPOSE:  Our leather repair kit dark brown can be used on a variety of leather and vinyl items.our leather restorer balm works best in protecting your Sofa, Furniture, Couches and Car upholstery, Office Chair, Wallets, Shoes and Boots, Tool Pouches, Saddles, Purses, Belts & Jackets, Armrests & Gloves,
  • ★ SATISFACTION GUARANTEED: Our black leather repair cream does a fine job in safeguarding and restoring your vinyl items. You can now have cleaner and blemish-free leather seats and furniture without worrying about the scratches or cracks they might accumulate. We’re convinced you will love how much these recoloring balm in your leather projects with free shipping, however, if not fully satisfied we will give you a full refund or free replacement.
SaleBestseller No. 8
NADAMOO Dark Brown Leather Recoloring Balm with Mink Oil Leather Conditioner, Leather Repair Kits for Couches, Restoration Cream Scratch Repair Leather Dye for Vinyl Furniture Car Seat, Sofa, Shoes
1,756 Reviews
NADAMOO Dark Brown Leather Recoloring Balm with Mink Oil Leather Conditioner, Leather Repair Kits for Couches, Restoration Cream Scratch Repair Leather Dye for Vinyl Furniture Car Seat, Sofa, Shoes
  • The Leather Repair Kit comes complete so you can have everything you need for quick use. Package includes: 4oz Dark Brown Recoloring Balm + 2oz Leather Conditioning Mink Oil + 3 Different Size Sponges + 2 Brush + a pair of Gloves..
  • Easily Renew Old, Dull Leather. This Leather Recoloring Balm make fast, easy DIY repairs. A single application eliminates scratches, fading, and general wear and peeling. Flexible, easy to apply. Dries quickly, waterproof and will not rub off! And has no unpleasant odor. (Color:Dark Brown)
  • 2oz Leather Conditioning Mink Oil provides complete Leather Protection For Every Leather Surface.Restore luster, preserve moisture Moisturize, prolong The Life Leather Surfaces. Mink Oil Natural Synthesis,Silicone Free.
  • Ready to help you make any old looking leather surface looking like new! GREAT FOR Leather Car Seats, Couches, Shoes, Boots, Handbags, Office Chair, Jackets & all smooth Leather Products. Allowing you to enjoy your favorite items for much longer!
  • No need to change the leather and save money. You do not need to be frustrated anymore about old leather, as you can effortlessly bring back your couch’s original look without spending too much money if you have NADAMOO leather repair kit.
Bestseller No. 9
Leather Color Restorer - Cream - Repair & Restore Furniture, Couch, Car Seat, Shoes, Jacket and Boots - 4 oz.
113 Reviews
Leather Color Restorer – Cream – Repair & Restore Furniture, Couch, Car Seat, Shoes, Jacket and Boots – 4 oz.
  • Leather Rehab Leather Color Restorer quickly repairs cracked, scratched, scuffed, peeling and faded leather and makes your leather look new again in only 1-step. Restorer is conveniently available in 36 colors.
  • Effectively restore worn, faded, stained, discolored, and scratched leather and bring your leather back to life. Use leather restorer for quick touch ups and full restorations.
  • Only 1-step. Simply rub on to apply. Fast-dry formula dries in 3 minutes. Fast-drying leather restoration formula delivers professional results.
  • Fix all types of leather surfaces. Use on couch, furniture, car seats, shoes, boots, purse, jacket, bags, sofa, chair, steering wheel, upholstery and more.
  • Make your leather new again and restore it back to life with Leather Rehab! Our products are backed by a money-back guarantee. If you are not 100% satisfied with any of our products, we’ll give you a full refund.
Bestseller No. 10
NADAMOO Black Leather Recoloring Balm with Mink Oil Leather Conditioner, Leather Repair Kits for Couches, Restoration Cream Leather Scratch Repair Leather Dye For Vinyl Furniture Car Seat, Sofa, Shoes
540 Reviews
NADAMOO Black Leather Recoloring Balm with Mink Oil Leather Conditioner, Leather Repair Kits for Couches, Restoration Cream Leather Scratch Repair Leather Dye For Vinyl Furniture Car Seat, Sofa, Shoes
  • The Leather Repair Kit comes complete so you can have everything you need for quick use. Package includes: 200g/7oz Black Recoloring Balm + 113g/4oz Leather Conditioning Mink Oil + 2 Different Size Sponges + 1 Brush + 1 Gloves.
  • Easily Renew Old, Dull Leather. This Leather Recoloring Balm make fast, easy DIY repairs. Simple application eliminates scratches, fading, and general wear and peeling. Flexible, easy to apply. Dries quickly, waterproof and will not rub off! And has no unpleasant odor. (Color:Black)
  • 4oz Leather Conditioning Mink Oil provides complete Leather Protection For Every Leather Surface.Restore luster, preserve moisture Moisturize, prolong The Life Leather Surfaces. Mink Oil Natural Synthesis,Silicone Free.
  • Ready to help you make any old looking leather surface looking like new! GREAT FOR Leather Car Seats, Couches, Shoes, Boots, Handbags, Office Chair, Jackets & all smooth Leather Products. Allowing you to enjoy your favorite items for much longer!
  • No need to change the leather and save money. You do not need to be frustrated anymore about old leather, as you can effortlessly bring back your couch’s original look without spending too much money if you have NADAMOO leather repair kit.
Bestseller No. 11
Clyde's™ Leather Recoloring Balm | Non Toxic Leather Color Restorer for Furniture, Car Seat, Tack | 19 Colors of Restoration Leather Dye | Repair, Restore and Renew Old Leather (Cream)
319 Reviews
Clyde’s™ Leather Recoloring Balm | Non Toxic Leather Color Restorer for Furniture, Car Seat, Tack | 19 Colors of Restoration Leather Dye | Repair, Restore and Renew Old Leather (Cream)
  • LEATHER COLOR RESTORER – Unlike most leather dyes, which contain toxic and harmful ingredients, Clyde’s Leather Recoloring balm was engineered with our ClydeColor technology. This recolors leather while simultaneously improving its lifespan tenfold. Our balm restores leather’s natural color, fills in old scratches, and can be used on any leather surface, including your car seats, sofas, boots, jackets, saddles, bags and more…
  • LIFETIME GUARANTEE – If you don’t love your results at any point in time, just fill out a contact form and get your money back. We offer this lifetime guarantee as a testament to the quality of our products; we know our product works wonderfully when used correctly. See our lifetime guarantee page for details. It’s also imperative to our business that our customers feel they have received value from our products/services, so if you feel that you haven’t, please reach out to us!
  • FOR ABSORBENT LEATHER – Before you apply our balm, you must take a few initial steps. First, clean your leather. Second, determine what kind of leather you are working with. Some leathers are non-absorbent, which makes the balm ineffective. You will need to use our leather deglazing solution to prep this kind of leather before balm application, then apply our conditioning cream to refinish the surface.
  • SCRATCH REPAIR – Use the balm to recolor your leather and repair scratch damage. We spent years designing the balm so it would have the perfect viscosity. It works like a putty to fill in scratches, and a topical cream for full absorption into the leather.
  • DOES NOT COME OFF – One of the biggest questions we get is whether the balm comes off or not… and, it doesn’t! This is what makes our product stand out from others. Just make sure that you have absorbent leather to make it work. If your leather is not absorbent, use our leather deglazer to strip off its finish and make it absorbent.
Bestseller No. 12
Black Leather Recoloring Balm - Mink Oil, Leather Restore Cream and Leather Repair Kit for Restoration Furniture, Couches, Sofa, Leather Restore Kit for Leather Worn Out, Color Fading, Scratches
21 Reviews
Black Leather Recoloring Balm – Mink Oil, Leather Restore Cream and Leather Repair Kit for Restoration Furniture, Couches, Sofa, Leather Restore Kit for Leather Worn Out, Color Fading, Scratches
  • Leather Recoloring Balm & Mink Oil: Startso world Leather recoloring balm exclusive formulated to fast drying and easy to use,restore fading color leather furniture surface to its former glory. Polished leather with Mink oil will make a longer lasting finish.
  • Leather Color Restorer: Our leather furniture dye is ideal for restoring color to faded and scratched leather, which can help you deal with leather stains, wearing, peeling, scratches and worn out. Fill the damaged part of the leather with leather Restore Cream, and until repair paste to dry completely, and then use leather recoloring balm to restore the original vibrant color of the leather.
  • Leather Conditioner & Restore Kit: This Leather cream and leather restorer kit for couches give your faux and authentic leather items a renewed, finished look. Leather Repair Kit Contains all the products needed for leather repair and maintenance. including Leather Recoloring Balm(8OZ), Mink Oil(100ML) with free starter tool kit- 2pcs Sponges, 1pcs Spoons, 1pcs Brush Pen, 1 Pair Rubber Gloves.
  • Multipupose: Our Leather Couch Conditioner, leather and vinyl repair kit can be used on a variety of leather and vinyl items. Our leather restorer kit works well in protecting your Sofa, Furniture, Couches and Car upholstery, Wallets, Shoes and Boots, Saddles, Purses, Belts & Jackets, Armrests & Gloves.
  • Satisfaction Guaranteed: The leather repair kit does a fine job in safeguarding and restoring your vinyl items. You can now have cleaner and blemish-free leather seats and furniture without worrying about the scratches or cracks they might accumulate. We’re convinced you will love how much these recoloring balm in your leather projects with free shipping, however, if not fully satisfied we will give you a full refund or free replacement.
Bestseller No. 13
Repair Cream, Funic Leather Repair Cream Filler Compound For Leather Restoration Cracks Burns Holes (Black)
22 Reviews
Repair Cream, Funic Leather Repair Cream Filler Compound For Leather Restoration Cracks Burns Holes (Black)
  • 💖 💖 List: 1x Repair Cream– 💥💥 plastic storage drawers totes tubs bed trunk trays lids tubes caps handle dividers vacuum bags wrap cabinet containers variety organization board blankets arts crafts narrow bins locker net cubes tier zippered
  • 💖 💖 Type: leather repair cream — 💥💥 jars rack pail basket y-weave long rectangle house food attached lid pouch zipper round rope handles file box organizer shelf clear set clothes bin vial yellow shelving dresser container shoe boxes kids 4.5 l latch 4-pack shelves electronics pull out drawer cup
  • 💖 💖 Application: car leather seats, instrument panels, furniture, sofas, shoes and other leather supplies– 💥💥Storage Tools Hanging ornament Storage Box Shelf Kitchen sink drain Kitchen shelf Storage shelf Storage rack hook up Storage rack Kitchen container Bathroom storage rack Bathroom shelf Wall paste Suction cup
  • 💖 💖 Made of high quality materials, it has no toxic substances and is easy to carry– 💥💥Food rack Bath stand Cup holder Bath shelf household products Cutlery Water coaster Food tray Water cup holder Drain basket Drainer Drain basket Clothing support Hanging Bag Bath Basket. plastic basket laundry handle with baskets for storage organizer
  • 💖 💖 After use, as new, the scratch defect is completely absent.– 💥💥Drain rack Washing basket Fruit basket Folding storage rack Shopping basket Kitchen drainer Fake flower container Fake flower basket Countertop cleaner Foldable basket Bathroom suction cup Seasoning storage rack Drain rack Toothbrush holder Drain tray Dish rack Soap box Soap dish Drying
Bestseller No. 14
FurnitureClinic Leather Complete Restoration Kit | Includes Leather Re-Coloring Balm, Leather Cleaner, Protection Cream, Sponge & Cloth | Restores & Repairs (Navy Blue)
1,205 Reviews
FurnitureClinic Leather Complete Restoration Kit | Includes Leather Re-Coloring Balm, Leather Cleaner, Protection Cream, Sponge & Cloth | Restores & Repairs (Navy Blue)
  • INCLUDES: The 17 fl oz (500ml) Leather Cleaner ($19.95 value), the 17 fl oz Leather Protection Cream ($19.95 value) a 8.5 fl oz (250ml) Leather Re-Coloring Balm ($29.95 value) and Sponge & Cloth
  • LEATHER BALM USES: Quickly & easily restores the color to all absorbent leathers, ideal for restoring the color to faded and worn leather. Use on leather from a dark to light shade and geat for re-coloring areas that have been exposed to sun light or direct heat
  • LEATHER CLEANER: Furniture Clinic’s Leather Cleaner, our highly-rated leather cleaning product, removes the dirt and grime that are deeply engrained in your leather. An essential component of this two-part kit, Leather Cleaner ensures that your leather is clean, stain-free, and ready for the second half of our efficient two-step process: our Leather-Recoloring Balm
  • LEATHER PROTECTION CREAM: The leather conditioner and protection cream is a must have for anyone serious about protecting their leather
  • FOR ABSORBENT LEATHER ONLY: With this product, we recommend you test the ability of your furniture to absorb liquid prior to purchasing. To complete this test, apply a small drop of water onto an intact section of your leather, and see if the water soaks in. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED: We understand that restoring leather can be a daunting task, but don’t be afraid. Our experts are here if you have questions before purchasing and if after purchasing you’re not satisfied with the results
Bestseller No. 15
Evangelia.YM Leather Repair Cream Filler Compound Care Product - Leather Cracks Restoration Burns Holes Recoloring Balm - Couch Sofa Car Seat Leather Plastic Refurbish (Beige)
23 Reviews
Evangelia.YM Leather Repair Cream Filler Compound Care Product – Leather Cracks Restoration Burns Holes Recoloring Balm – Couch Sofa Car Seat Leather Plastic Refurbish (Beige)
  • ❀ Made of quality materials, it has no toxic substances and is easy to carry.
  • ❀ Used to repair the damage of the car seat leather, the scratches of the props, fill the gaps.
  • ❀ Application: car leather seats, instrument panels, furniture, sofas, shoes and other leather supplies
  • ❀ Suitable for plastic or any hard surface, such as car decoration and upholstery, furniture, leather jackets and clothes: sofas, sofas, car panels, tops, dashboards, boat seats, upholstery, luggage, clothes and carpets.
  • ❀ After use, as new, the scratch defect is completely absent.

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